How to format pen drive from terminal in Ubuntu

Many times it happens that your pen drive or memory cards does not formatted from file manager so you have to format it from terminal. In this tutorial, it is shown that how to format pen drive or any other hard-disk or memory card from terminal using commands in Ubuntu.

This video gives you a complete idea of how to format pen drive from terminal and which commands you have to type.

I also attached the screenshots of this commands from terminal window step by step.

[1]  First of all type the below command for know the name of your pen 

       drive or memory card. [here | (pipe) operator is used which is given 

       above your enter key in most of keyboards.]  

       dmesg | tail

Or you can use the following command as above will not be work on some system.

       fdisk -l

[2]  Then unmount your pen drive using the following command.

       sudo umount /dev/sdb1

And enter your password.

[3]  Then enter the following command to format your pen drive with 

        FAT32 partition.

       sudo mkfs.vfat -n 'Ubuntu' -I /dev/sdb1

Your pen drive is now formatted and ready to use.

Software Center in Ubuntu

In our day to day life, we choose the operating system according to the availability of the various kinds of softwares available for the particular operating system.

So in Ubuntu there is Software Center is available for downloading and installing application. You don't have to find the application from any other websites or from torrents, you can easily download and install the application you want.

There are many categories in Ubuntu Software Center for the sake of ease.

Here I enlist the all categories which are available in Software Center.

• Accessories
• Developer Tools
• Education
• Fonts
• Games
• Graphics
• Internet
• Office
• Science & Engineering
• Sound & Video
• System
• Themes & Tweaks
• Universal Access

Here are some screenshots of Software Center which gives you a more clear idea about it.

You can also see that which application you installed previously on which date and lies upon which category.

And the last portion but not least, gives you the details of all modification like updates, removals, installation etc.

To install any specific application you can search the keyword on the top-right corner of the Software center. It enlist you the all application contain the search keywords.

After installing any application you can see it on your dash or by pressing 'Super[Windows key] + A'.

System Monitor in Ubuntu

System Monitor comes in-built in Ubuntu which contain four parts System, Processes, Resources, File Systems. Now we look at what information each part contain with snapshots.

1. System :
   It contain the basic information about which version of Ubuntu you are using, which version of Linux Kernel is there and which version of GNOME is there.
   In this portion you can know how many RAM and which processor you are using and System status also tell you about how much space available on disk.

2. Processes :
   In this portion, you can know which processes are running and which are sleeping. And you can also know how much memory and how much CPU time they take in order to complete their processes.
   
   

3. Resources :
   In this part, you will get the graphical information about how many percentage of CPU is used at that time, how many portion of memory[RAM] and swap value is used at that time and in network history you can see how many data is sent and received.

4. File Systems :
   In this portion, you can check the status of the hard disk or any removable device like pen-drive, memory card or portable hard-disk. Here you can see the details like the type of the device, total space of the device, how much space free and available on the device and how much space used on the device.

How to increase/decrease brightness on Ubuntu

There is always need of adjusting brightness while working with laptop or notebook in Ubuntu. Here is the solution how to increase/decrease brightness in Ubuntu via terminal. You have to type the following command in terminal to adjust the brightness.

"$ sudo setpci -s 00:02.0 F4.B=xx"

         where xx= all hexadecimal value between 00 to ff
         [00=highest brightness  ff=lowest brightness(total dark)]

If you enter 'ff', the whole brightness has gone the screen will become totally dark so be careful at there. This command will be very helpful to you if you work in very darker or in very lightning room. The average working brightness level is 'aa' which i prefer to work.